" I Believe that it is lawful to leave it free course to our hypothesis,
provided that we conserve a perfect impartiality
of judgment, and we do not take our weak framework by
A building of absolute solidity. "

Sigmund Freud (1900-1901)

The proposal of this work is an intent to clear some questions that, in my opinion, still continue without answer and to interrogate us about the sense of certain convictions or ideologies that still continue transmitting of generation in generation. And such time of that treat: to try to maintain some questionings that permit us to assure the continuity of the work of the thought, advancing unknown without, by this, to lose the category of provisoriedad of every conclusion.
The objective of this investigation is an intent to discriminate conceptually "the maternal thing" of "the female thing ", utilizing for it as reference the post-freudian and freudian texts relating to the female sexuality, performing a traveled through theoretician to locate the place of the woman in the history.
The history of the western civilization is not lineal in relation al place of the woman. Something must have occurred in the course of this history so that the to be female have remained subsumed in the sacred representation of the Maternity. This reduction of the female thing to the maternal thing would be able to be treated simply of an intent of appropriation, of a form to apprehend the archaic power and not meaning of the essence of the maternal thing. It would be able to be try a false way of not finitud with the one that the human tries to resist the unthinkable thing of the death, advancing in its place "the maternal love", fundamental guarantee of the survival of all recently born.
The analysis of this question conducts us inescapably to the need of deslindar the concepts of maternity and reproduction in a biological sense. Al to include the component loving-deseante, constituent of "the maternal thing", in a specific act supported in the biological thing does that transcend it extensively. Of this another conceptual way of maternity would arise, in which is necessary to include the notions of sexuality , desire of son, capacity of erotización and, very especially, the component narcisista and estructurante of the loving capacity and the tender feelings and of childlike care, that again they would conduct us to renew the questionings about the relation between the female thing and the maternal thing.
The maternity has always been endorsed to the femininity since the most diverse sides: religious, philosophical, mystical and medical. Al to remain the femininity subsumed in the maternity has been presented like an insignia of "the maternal thing". In this context the equation woman-mother seems to have watched the idea of the possibility of existence of an intrinsic femininity discriminated of the maternity.
The sexuality has been the axis of the development of the theory psicoanalítica , since Freud dismantled the to know popular about what is "to be man" and "to be woman", advancing that the sexuality is a psychic production, built always from the bond with "the other alien aid". For it, it resorted to them contribute of the biology and of the sociology, concluding that not a femininity would exist or a pure virility but a "bisexualidad biological and psychological" (Freud, S., 1905).
The exhaustive and meticulous investigations of Freud about the female sexuality did not reach to clarify the vicissitudes of the female condition. In this way, Freud delegated the continuation of the investigations about the woman, in the meantime enigma to decipher, to investigators and poets.
" ... If you you know more about the femininity, inquieran to its own experiences of life, or diríjanse to the poets, or they await to that the science can give them deep or better one more information entramada "....
Al beginning of his work, and since a focus positivist, that requires to leave from him more immediately cognoscible to do science, Freud takes al man as model for the construction of a theory that permit him to explain the estructuración of the psychic apparatus.
It is for this that, in the beginnings, only can think the woman as symmetrical al man, establishing thus in the development of both a paralelismo absolute. Along that apparent only road, arrives in its elucidaciones to that crucial point that is in its theoretical development the discovery, by the boy, of the anatomical difference of the sexes.
Specific moment of the human evolution, therefore will decide to every human being in which to its to be refers, and that will mark a fork. From here in more, these "equal" they will begin to be differentiated. Riding on a theory falocéntrica, this difference supported in the anatomy there will be of conducting the woman to the need to abandon that privileged place, "the masculinity", to be entered in the uncertain road, plagued of unknown, by the one that of a way swims easy will arrive, and not always, to that "black continent" that is the femininity.
Paraphrasing to Freud in its definition of it pulsional as "demand of work" I press in me, the need to decipher the inheritance that Freud bequeathed us, relating to the question of the female sexuality and the difference between the female thing and the maternal thing.
With regard to the amplitude and complexity that this thematic one imposes focalizaré this work in some questions that consider articuladoras and that to will should to permit me to organize the questioning about the female thing and the maternal thing, therefore as first question I ask me: ¿is the maternity the goal and culmination of the Complex of Edipo female?

THE SPEECH HISTORICO - SOCIAL ABOUT THE WOMAN AND THE MATERNITY

" ...What you have inherited of your parents, adquiérelo to possess it "...
Goethe, Happy (Splits 1)

In the emergency of the historic speech - social the stereotype on the woman is shows and the maternal thing, where more than the desire of a subject himself express the broadcast of an ideal that crosses the generations.
Therefore it turns out to be difficult to recognize that, in the meantime human phenomenon, the maternity is a cultural construction, given that during a lot of time was conceived like a function of biological order, inescapably taken root in the psico-biological structure of the woman, nominated as "maternal instinct" and trimmed of the spatial and temporary circumstances in which is carries out.
Every inheritance requires always an election and a discrimination. Inheriting is an equivalent one of finding set against a text that to to be decoded, interpreted and reconstructed, metabolizándolo for, in this way , to reaffirm a memory that works for the future.
The popular one "maternal instinct", as every myth, is a story in which can be itemized different temporary sequences, being revealed since a narrative appearance a fundamental structure. Structure that obtains in the same disguise-myth the empirical material on which to be hidden among its creases.
¿ Which would it be then the native myth that would serve of backup and would be found in the same base of the "maternal instinct"?
We would be able to think the surprising thing of the exclusion of it female-woman in the myth of the Genesis, being this a myth of the beginnings. Such time the mythical known version of Adán, Eva, the snake and the not so known one and innombrable Lilit, have been the responsible one for the rise of the maternal instinct , because, since this perspective, the myth of the maternal instinct alludes to the fantasy of completud. Been in which any tension of vital need neither no desire burst. Image of the Paradise that not to stops evoking the state intrauterino in which the fetus is not submitted to need neither desire and therefore to any prohibition.
In the myth of the "maternal instinct" is reconstructed, as a totality, the scene fundacional and therefore this myth could be considered a symptom. As such it it can be attributed a certain order ilusional-restitutivo, in the meantime facilitates to the successive generations to avoid the aspects less tolerable of the psychic reality, being adhered to nearby one more belief al ideal. The belief in the power of an idea: the unicidad, that protects of the danger to have to face an unbearable reality.
Though the procreation is a natural process can induce to think that al physiological phenomenon of the conception and the gestation should correspond him, as inevitable effect, the "desire to have a son" as well as the consequent aptitudes for the exercise of the maternity. But this exercise is swum more than the product of a system of broadcast inter and transgeneracional of generating representations of that illusion known as "maternal instinct".
Defining to the maternity as a natural fact is the resultant one of an ideological representation, that provides an image totalizadora and unified of the woman as mother, promoting an apparently solid identity and al service of the purest illusions narcisistas. The equation "mujer-madre-Tierra" finishes embodying in the woman the myth of the "paradise lost", feeling of omnipotencia, own of the human condition. Omnipotencia that remits always al state of fusion with "that another prehistórico unforgettable" of the Letter 52 of Freud (1896) with the one that each subject, with regard to the native desertion (Hilflosigkeit), is identified since the origins.
Though the woman possesses characteristics that define it, these characteristics would be more related to the way of cultural broadcast , along the History, that with the same nature of its biology. Therefore, I consider that to be referred al myth of the "maternal instinct" is swum more than a way associate - cultural inherited, that continues still being transmitted as dogma. Dogma that maintains the belief that the maternity would be the indispensable execution of the destiny of all to be female, without which any woman would reach the condition of "true woman".
On this point seems pertinent to cite to María Assumption González of Chávez who advances the urgent need of the women, to find a new model of "ideal of the I female", to build new so much meanings with respect to the female thing as to the maternal thing:
" ... The deepest aspects, anchored in the unconscious one, with all them you contained culpógenos, that remit to the relation-identification daughter-mother, they will need probably of several generations before being able to be removed and they will be always motive of conflicts, in part irresolubles, in the meantime inherent in the human condition and to the psychic...economy "
Since an anthropological point of view, the way to conceive symbolically al "son" and to the relations of description do not result a reflected effect of the essential nature of the relations of relationship. Al respect Lévy-Strauss (Lévy-Strauss,C., "The elementary structures of relationship", Paidós, Mexico, 1983 ) assigns to the systems of relationship a statute of symbolic systems that go operating, of unconscious way, in the subjects. Though it accepts that the biological connections are always present in social every structure , what truly offers to the relations of relationship its human quality is not
Exactly what of the nature is conserved but the nuclear movement , by which each subjetividad takes distance of the same one. The system of relationship is not the effect of the factual links of the consanguinidad among the individuals but is effect of the human creativity. Is a system of psychic representations and not the spontaneous consequence of an objective fact.
I consider that the effort by needing the registration of the female thing included in the maternal thing does not only result a forzamiento theoretical but a question to investigate more complex, in the meantime simple replica of the dominant speech that, for centuries, has situated the woman only as a pure nature then instinct and outside of the culture.
" ... The feminist demand of equality among the sexes does not have here a lot of force; the difference morfológica has to be externalized in diversities of the psychic development. Paraphrasing Napoleon "the anatomy is the destiny"...
As we know the culture has loaded on the female thing the major repressive effect , to illustrate the fact that is the woman the one that should assume the support of the care of the life and of the sexuality, always joined al love, but also and especially "containing" in her own body the sexual desire, unique guarantee of the passage of the Nature to the Culture. Such time by this is considered to "the maternal thing ", as the responsible for watching one for the conservative pole and civilizador of human every creature, way specific repression of the female sexuality.
Therefore, it seems pertinent that the Psychoanalysis continue investigating and reformulando certain advanced already cristalizados. In contrary case , runs the risk that this discipline themselves anquilose and of that all those that we participate of her we be responsible for not to have managed to revitalizing it, by dare us not to introduce new paradigms or , in the best of the cases, responsible for that certain misunderstandings of the theory they continue maintaining in the time, obturando the access to a to know more genuine.

THE DEVELOPMENT PSICOSEXUAL IN THE TEORIA FREUDIAN

I- The childlike sexuality

Without doubt the discovery of the childlike sexuality has been one of the fundamental points in the freudian theory.
From the observations of "its hysterical", Freud begins to decipher -in the interior of the plot of the suffering of its patients- something on the order of the sexual thing repressed.
" ... to where it could be spoken of a causación by which the neurosis to be acquired, the etiología should be sought in sexual...factors "
Is from then that the question of the sexuality became the axis of all the theory psicoanalítica.
In 1905, with the publication of "Three trials of sexual theory ", Freud established new parameters for the comprehension of the sexuality, carrying out a clear distinction between this and the reproductive function. Adding that this last recently emerges biologically in the course of the pubertad and that the discovery of the sexual pleasure is already present, since the first moments of life: the suction of the breast of the mother or of the finger thumb, the to be rocked, the defecación. It described the constitution of the body erógeno in function of the supremacy of you determined "zones erógenas", nominating "pregenitales" to those organizations of the life, in which the organs genitals yet have not reached their predominant and conductive role, and to the ones that then will define as "phases of the organization libidinal". These phases or stadiums are you defined then as modalities of the "relation with the object".
Laplanche and Pontalis in its "Dictionary of Psychoanalysis " define to the "organization of the libido" as...: " the relative coordination of the partial drives, characterized by the supremacy of a zone erógena and of a specific way of relation with the object. You considered in a temporary succession, the organizations of the libido define phases of the evolution psicosexual childlike... " ( "Dictionary of Psychoanalysis", Pág. 266)
In the framework of its theory of the libido and of its "Three trials of sexual theory" (1905), Freud began to devise a definition of the "stadiums pregenital (oral and anal) and genital", according to the diverse moments of the development of the subject and of its relation with the different "zones erógenas" and describes the characteristics of the childlike sexual life, indicating that it is essentially "autoerótica". Moment in which the object is located in the own body, and in which the "partial drives" aspire to obtain the pleasure of an autonomous way. In this way, the point "princeps" of the development constitutes it the "normal sexual life of the adult", where the attainment of the pleasure there will be to be al service of the reproductive function while the "partial drives " aim at to reach the achievement of the sexual goals in an alien object, under the principal supremacy of an unique one "zone erógena".
" ...A first sexual organization pregenital is the oral one, or if is preferred, canibálica. The sexual activity himself has not been separated still of the nutrition, neither have been differentiated opposite inside her. The object of an activity is it also of the other; the sexual goal consists of the incorporation of the object, the paradigm of what later, as identification, will play a so important psychic role. (). ...
A second phase pregenital is that of the sadistic-anal organization. Here already it has unfolded the division in opposite, that crosses the sexual life ; however, himself cannot be called them still male and female, but is precise to say active and passive. ()...In this phase, therefore, already are pesquisables the polaridad sexual and the alien object. They lack still the organization and the subordination to the function of the reproduction."
Regarding the peers of opposite pulsionales, appointed them with a term minted by Bleuer: "ambivalence". This form of sexual organization can be conserved along all the life and to attract, toward itself, good part of the sexual practice.
Relating to the "election of object" affirmed that it is produced in two times: the first one elapses among the two and five years and their sexual goals are of childlike nature, being produced a first cut before the emergency of the "period of latencia". The second happens unexpectedly in the pubertad and determines the final organization of the sexuality.
Completing the picture of the childlike sexuality added:
" ... Often, or regularly, already in the childhood an election of object is consummated as the one that there are supposed characteristic of the phase of development of the pubertad. The assembly of sexual eagernesses are directed an unique person, and in her reach its goal.... () The difference ...() resides only in the fact that the unificación of the partial drives and its subordination al predominated of the genitals are not established in the infancy, or are it of very incomplete way. Therefore , the establishment of that predominated al service of the reproduction is the last phase by the one that crosses the sexual...organization "
In a note, aggregate in 1923, added a third phase, "the genital one", to which I will refer further on.
In his third trial about the sexuality: "The metamorphosis of the pubertad", Freud formulated that though results an observable that the female and male dispositions already are recognizable during the childhood, he will be recently during the pubertad when he there will be to be established a clear separation among the female and male character, in the meantime the activation autoerótica of the "zones erógenas" in the childhood , he there will be to be produced in both sexes, effect thatHe will supply the possibility to differentiate them up till then.
In relation al sexual development of the girl affirmed:
" ... the development of the inhibiciones of the sexuality (shame , nausea, compassion) complies in the small girl before and with smaller resistances that in the male; in general, seems greater in her the inclination to the sexual repression; every time that partial drives of the sexuality are insinuated clearly , adopt of preference the passive...form () with regard to the activities autoeróticas and masturbatorias, would be able to be formulated the following thesis: Thesexuality of the small girl has an entirely male...character () would be able to be defended also the aserto that the libido is regularly, and in accordance with the law, of male nature, already himself present in the man or in the woman, and dispensing with that its object be the man or the woman "...
In another note -aggregated in 1915- indicated that the female and male concepts are found among the most confused for the science, should to be analyzed since three directions: a) the sense passiveness-activity , b) the biological sense and c) the sociological sense. Of the first one considers that is the essential one in relation to the theory psicoanalítica and by which the libido is definite as active, so that the drive is always active, still in those situations where the goal is passive. The biological sense admits clear one more definition: since the male thing and the female thing are defined for the sexual development and the so much rise of the óvulos as of the espermatozoides and of the activation of the final sexual functions. The third meaning, the sociological one, is based on the observation of the female and male individuals, and considers the impossibility to find a femininity or pure virility, neither in biological neither psychological sense, therefore every human being would have constitutionally sexual so much female as male dispositions, the ones that himself to will should to declare in the diverse conflicts that each subject experimente, to assume its own sex.
Continuing with the section on "The metamorphosis in the pubertad", Freud affirmed that the zone erógena principal in the woman is the clítoris, homologous to the zone erógena male, the glans.
" ... If the process is understood by which the girl is done woman, is need to pursue the subsequent destinies of that excitabilidad of the clítoris. The pubertad, that in the male brings prepared that great one push of the libido, is characterized for the girl by a new wave of repression, that affects exactly to the sexuality of the clítoris. Is a sector of male sexual life the one that thus falls under the repression "...
It is then when formulates that the woman should displace the excitabilidad erógena physiological of the clítoris toward the vagina, as opposed to the man that conserves its excitabilidad erógena since the childhood, joined condition intimately with the freudian consideration about the essence of the femininity.
In "The childlike genital organization. An interpolación in the theory of the sexuality" (1923), Freud formulated an important modification. There, it considered that the resemblance among the childlike sexuality and the adult themselves does not circumscribe only al type of "election of object" but, though not the reunification of the partial drives is reached still under the predominated of the genitals, the interest by these charges already a significatividad dominant. But the main character of the "childlike genital organization" is, al same time, the difference with the organization of the final sexual life of the adult, indicating that it resides in which:
" ... For both sexes, only plays a role a genital one, the male one. Therefore, there is not a predominated genital, but a predominated of the falo "...
Though the male yet has not reached the knowledge about the difference among the sexes, yes already can perform the difference among the condition man-woman, although without being able still to bind the differences among the organs genitals, attributing them to all the other alive beings (animal, inanimate objects) an identical member al that he possesses. Belief that persists up to now in which discovers that the penis is not an attribute that all possess. This discovery generates a defined reaction set against that lack:
" ... Do not they know that lack; believe to see a member in spite of all ; cohonestan the contradiction between observation and prejudice by means of the subterfuge that still would be small and already is going to grow..., (), arrive then to the conclusion, emotionally sustantiva, of that without doubt been present and then was removed. The lack of penis is understood as a result of a castración, and now it is presented al boy the task to have them to him with the reference of the castración to its own person. ()...
... only it can be appreciated straightly the significatividad of the complex of castración if at the same time is taken into account its genesis in the phase of the predominated of the falo "...
In a note al foot, in this same text, Freud clarified that during the process of psychic constitution, the boy goes progressively building the representation of a loss of the corporal thing, as effect of some damage narcisista, since the destete as well as of the elimination of the sediments, but recently is possible to be referred al "complex of castración" when the representation of the loss is bound with the discovery of the differenceOf the sexes and set against the possibility fantasmática of the loss of the genital male one.
The male does not generalize the lack of penis to all the women. It believes that only the despicable persons of the female sex have been despoiled of so prized genital, as a result of some illicit impulses, in which he himself has incurred. The respectable persons, as his mother , continue conserving it. When it discovers that only the women are able parir children, abandons this belief, building complexes theories to explain the transformation of the penis al son.
Toward the end of this same text, Freud took up again the theme of the polaridad sexual, in the course of the childlike development and explained the transformations that experiences:
" ... A first opposition is introduced with the election of object , that without doubt assumes subject and object. In the stadium of the organization pregenital sadistic-anal does not fit to speak of male and female; the opposition between assets and passive is the dominant one. In the following stadium of the childlike genital organization there is certainly somewhat male, but not somewhat female; the opposition prays here: genital male, or I neuter. Only with the culmination of the development in the epoch of the pubertad, the polaridad sexual coincides with male and female. The male thing gathers the subject, the activity and the possession of penis; the female thing, the object and the passiveness "...

II- The complex of Edipo and the constitution of the female sexuality

Relating to the plot edípica, Freud efectivizó a first reference al fear in a letter to Fliess, dated the October 15 of 1897 and -though it no article dedicated particularly- the concept of "complex of Edipo" crosses all its work. It is from its self-analysis that Freud recognizes, in itself same, the love toward its mother and some feelings of jealousy toward its father, that are contradicted with the affection that has it.
" ... A single thought of universal validity has been given me. Also in myself I have found the enamoramiento of the mother and the jealousy toward the father, and now I consider it a universal fact of the early ...childhood () the Greek saga captures a compulsion that each who recognizes because has registered in its interior the existence of her. ()"...
It is not my intention to expose the diverse phases and the complexity of the progressive elaboration that Freud does of this discovery, since though is important in its theoretical development, escapes al axis of the present investigation, by which I will remit me to the definition of the complex of Edipo that offers the "Dictionary of Psychoanalysis" (Roudinesco , E. and Plon, M., 1997), which I consider synthesizes the fundamental thing of the Then head for to the texts where Freud related the "complex of Edipo" with the female sexuality.
Elizabeth Roudinesco and Michael Plon define al "complex of Edipo" as correlative al "complex of castración", al recognition of the difference among the sexes and of the generations. The "complex of Edipo" is a central notion in Psychoanalysis just as the universality of the prohibition of the incesto, with which is linked. The "complex of Edipo" is an unconscious representation , through which himself express the sexual/loving desire of the boy by the ancestor of the sex opposed, in simultaneous with its hostility toward the ancestor of the same sex. This representation can be invested and to express love by the ancestor of the same sex and hatred toward the ancestor of the opposite sex. It knows as "complex of Edipo " to the first representation and as "complex of Edipo invested" to the second and, finally, "complex of Edipo complete" to the combination of both. The "complex of Edipo" is constituted among the three and five years and its decline marks the income in the acquaintance "period of latencia", whose resolution -after the pubertad- himself concrete way a new object election type.
Recently in 1924, when Freud wrote "The sepultamiento of the complex of Edipo", continuing with its developments of 1923, advanced that the sexuality continues a different course in the males and the girls.
The sepultamiento of the "complex of Edipo" is consequence of the painful disillusionments suffered by the subject, with regard to the not satisfaction expected, that finishes for setting apart to the "small in love"
" ... the complex of Edipo would go to base because of its failure, as result of its internal...impossibility "
Time of the one that complex of Edipo", contemporary of the one that phase fálica", in which taking up again the freudian arguments of 1923, the sexual development of the male progresses until reaching a phase, in which the male genitals (the female continue still without being discovered) command, as outstanding rector, the sexual development , interrupted by the rise of the one that period of latencia".
The threat of castración, in the male, begins to produce effects , when the small one "sees the genitals of the girl and goes convincing of the lack of penis, in a to be similar to him, making possible the to be represented, in itself same, said loss. Thus, the freudian thesis maintains that:
" ... the genital organization fálica of the boy goes to base because of this threat of castración "...
The "complex of Edipo" offers al male two possibilities of satisfaction: an assets and another passive one. It can substitute imaginarily al father, maintaining as he, the sexual commerce with the mother or well to substitute female the mother and to be loved by the father.
Accepting the possibility of castración, and to discover that the woman is I neuter puts an end to both possibilities of satisfaction that involve the loss of the penis, the male one as punishment and the female one as premise.
" ... If the loving satisfaction in the land of the complex of Edipo should cost the penis, then by force the conflict among the interest will explode narcisista in this part of the body and the lustful investiture of the objects parentales. In this conflict succeeds normally the first one of those powers: the I of the boy herself strange of the complex of Edipo "...
It is, in this way, as the authority parental is introyectada in the I of the boy, constituting the nucleus of the superyo, perpetuating the "prohibition of the incesto" and assuring al I the return of the lustful investitures of the object. These loads libidinales of the "complex of Edipo" remain, in part, desexualizadas and elevated and, in part, inhibited as for their end and transformed into tender motions, being initiated in this way the "period of latencia".
To here, it descripto refers al boy of male sex. On this point , Freud was asked if this same development would be consummated also in the small girl. If to her also it can attribute an organization fálica and a "complex of castración" :
" ... Also the female sex develops a complex of Edipo, a superyo and a period of latencia. ()...But the things cannot happen similarly that in the male. ()...the difference morfológica has to be externalized in diversities of the psychic...development "
According to Freud, when the girl compares the clítoris (that in a beginning behaves like a penis) with the penis of the boy, feels this difference as a motive of inferiority, being consoled with the expectation that then will grow it , being initiated thus the "complex of masculinity" in the woman. The girl is explained its lack, with the supposed one that some time had it and then lost it for effect of the castración. An essential difference is generated thus:
" ... the niñita accepts the castración as a consummate fact, while the varoncito is afraid to the possibility of its consummation "...
Freud affirmed that al to be absent the "anguish of castración " in the girl, she lacks also of the motives to institute the superyo, since, instead of internalizing prohibitions, these to seem to be only effects of the education and of the external intimidation, that threaten it the loss of the love.
" ... The renunciation al grieve himself he will not be borne without an intent of resarcimiento. The girl slides -along a symbolic equation , we would say- of the penis al son; his complex of Edipo culminates in the desire, fed by a lot of time, to receive like gift a son of the father, parirle a son. ()...The complex of Edipo is abandoned later little to little because that desire himself does not comply never. Both desires, that of possessing a penis and that of receiving a son, remain in the unconscious thing , where are conserved with hardly investiture and contribute to prepare al to be female for its subsequent sexual...role "
In the text "Some psychic consequences of the anatomical difference among the sexes" of 1925, Freud continued its considerations al respect, indicating the differences in relation to the "complex of Edipo" in the girl and the boy and condensed , here, its first one reformulación about its previous conceptions on the psychological development of the woman, planting thus the germ of what there will be of being its subsequent elaboration, in around toThis theme.
For Freud, the "complex of Edipo" constitutes the first phase , possible of to be recognized in the male, and maintains that is thus in the meantime the boy retains -in this phase- the same object catectizado during his to elapse for the phase pregenital, in the period after the lactation. Al to incorporate the notion of "bisexualidad " himself complejiza also, in the male, the "complex of Edipo".
" ...Still in the varoncito, the complex of Edipo is of passive, active, and double sense, in harmony with the disposition bisexual. Also he replaces the mother as object of love of the father; to this we appoint him like female...attitude "
Freud supposed that in the prehistoria of the "complex of Edipo" in the male, an identification of loving kind with the father is observed. This identification, in the beginnings, is an alternative to the load of object, that catectiza the psychic relation of the boy with the mother. The identification of the boy with the father is found still free of every shade of rivalry toward the mother.
The notion of "complex of Edipo" in the girl appears already complejizada in the freudian theory. Having been the mother, so much for the girl as for the boy, the first object of love, while the male retains this same object, Freud was asked if the girl there would be of reaching its "complex of Edipo" of the same way: resigning it and being appropriated of the father as object. It maintained that he himself found , among his own patients, a private intensity in the bond with the father, that involved the fantasy desiderativa of "to have a son with him". Nevertheless, the meticulous analysis of those cases seemed to show him that it did not be a matter of a fantasy estructurante, elementary and implacable of the childlike sexual life of the girl:
" ...the complex of Edipo has in them a long one prehistoria and is , by thus say, a secondary...formation "
The first indispensable step for the income in the "phase fálica" consists of a crucial discovery, al that every girl is destined:
" ... note the penis of a brother or a compañerito of play, quite visible penis and of notable size, and al point discerns him as the corresponding, upper one, of his own organ, small and hidden; from there victim of the envy of the penis...falls "
Different it is when the boy discovers the genital zone of the girl:
" ... it is shown irresolute, little interested al principle; does not see anything , or contradicts its perception, the deslíe, search subterfuge causing to agree with its expectation "...
Will be recently later, when a possible one "threat of castración", to fall on him that this observation there will be to charge meaning, remaining thus immersed in the belief about the effectiveness of the threat. Of that encounter to will should to result two types of reactions, so much independent or combined, as in its assembly with other factors, that to will should to determine permanently its horror before that creature mutilated or its triumphant contempt toward her.
In the small girl the reaction is different:
" ... In the act its judgment is formed and decision. It has seen that, knows that it does not have, and has it "...
On this point, in a note al foot, Freud corrects a previous formulation , according to which would not be the difference among the sexes, but the problem of the origin of the children, what would awake the sexual interest of the boy, and says that, al less in which to the girl refers, this would not be valid,
" ...in this place forks the complex of masculinity of the woman , that eventually, if fails to surpass it soon, can grant large difficulties al prefigurado development toward the femininity "...
The "complex of masculinity" consists of the hope to possess a penis, being equalized thus al male. Another possibility is that the niñita himself rehúse to accept his castración, reaffirming the conviction of possessing a penis and, consequently, himself behavior as if was a boy.
If the girl admits this injured one narcisista would be able to arise in her -as a "scar"- a certain feeling of inferiority. After a first intent to be explained its lack of penis as a personal punishment, accepts that is a universal sexual characteristic, sharing with the male the I underestimate for "that" sex mutilated.
Still it abandoned its true object, this not to stops existing and displaces himself, persisting in the characteristic caracterológico of the jealousy. Jealousy that, though are not obviously characteristic neither of a single sex neither are founded only on the base of the "envy fálica", perform -according to Freud- a more determinant role, in the life of mind of the woman.
A third consequence of the "envy of the penis" seems to situate in the weakening of the tender ties with the maternal object. Though Freud admitted that the situation did not result clearly, who but the mother , that brought it al insufficiently gifted world, there would be to be responsible for the lack of penis?
But, Freud continued indicating us another surprising effect of the "envy of the penis" (or of the discovery of the inferiority of the clítoris), the masturbation would be more far away of the nature of the woman that of that of the male:
" ... al except the masturbation in the clítoris would be a male practice , and the unfold of the femininity would consider condition the removal of the sexuality clitorídea "...
According to this author, the discovery of the anatomical difference among the sexes forces the girl to be set apart of the masculinity and of the onanismo male, to be directed -by new ways- toward the unfold of the conditions inherent in the femininity.
Now, the libido of the girl displaces himself toward a new position , continuing the symbolic equation prefigurada "penis = son". It indicated Freud that the girl:
" ... It resigns the desire of penis to replace it for the desire of a son, and with this purpose takes al father as object of love. The mother passes to be object of the jealousy, and the girl occurs a small woman ...() if after this connection-father has to be resigned for wasted, can be entrenched in an identification father with which the girl returns al complex of masculinity and himself fixed eventually in it " ...
It remains specified thus, the prehistoria of the "complex of Edipo " -according to Freud- in the girl, where is affirmed that is a secondary formation to the castración. It will be in the relation among both complexes , Edipo and castración, where there will be to be established the central opposition among the sexes, as a result of the anatomical difference and of the psychic situation related to her. Castración consummate and threat of castración.
It affirmed Freud:
" ... while the complex of Edipo of the male goes to base owed al complex of castración, that of the girl is enabled and introduced by this last one "...
The modality in which enters in the "complex of Edipo" and the form in which manages to surpass it are decisive and not to stop producing consequences:
" ... In the male...() the complex simply is not repressed ; founders formally under the collision of the threat of castración. Its lustful investitures are resigned, desexualizadas and in part elevated; their objects are incorporated al I, where form the nucleus of the superyo ()....In the normal...case (), no longer subsists neither in the unconscious thing no complex of Edipo, the superyo their heir...has occurred "
In the girl, as already I have mentioned her, lack a motive for the aniquilamiento of the Edipo -in the meantime the castración exercised previously his effect- entering to the small one in the process of organization of the complex, for which -according to Freud- the girl or abandons her slowly or deals with her, way repression. Her more frequent is that her effects remain to all the long thing of the normal psychic life of the woman.
" ... the superyo never occurs so implacable, so impersonal, so independent of its emotional origins as we require it in the case of the male "...
In 1931, Freud published from the female sexuality", that is essentially a reformulación of its work "Some psychic consequences of the anatomical difference among the sexes" (1925), where underlined the duration and intensity of the connection preedípica of the girl with its mother and efectivizó an extensive exam of the active element in the attitude of the girl toward the mother and in the femininity in general.
In the chapter 1, Freud was asked -leaving from the premise that the mother is the first object of love- how the girl would find its road toward the father and how, when and why would be untied of its intense primary bond with the mother. Taking like point of departure its advanced previous affirmed that the development of the female sexuality itself complejiza by the need to renounce to the originally dominant genital zone -the clítoris- and replacing it for a new zone , the vagina. Again a move is produced, the change of the primitive object mother by the father -not less characteristic and significant for the development of the woman- but still had failed to give account of how these two operations would be linked among itself.
Two facts awoke the attention of Freud: the first one is that every time that an intense connection-father existed, this was preceded by a phase of connection-mother not less intense, the phase of linking with the father contributed barely a new characteristic to the loving life, except the change of object. The done second is that the duration of the connection with the mother had been underestimated, arriving in some cases to the five years , and even that some women could remain trapped in this native bond, without being able to carry out the move toward the father.
The phase preedípica in the woman reaches then a meaning that , up till then, himself it had not been assigned:
" ... this phase leaves space for all the obsessions and repressions to that reconducimos the genesis of the neurosis " ...
From this affirmation Freud is seen obliged to extend the content of the complex of Edipo, including in it the relations of the boy with both parents, maintaining that the woman, after surpassing a prehistoria governed by the negative complex where the father is not more than an uncomfortable rival one, arrives at the situation edípica positive normal.
In the chapter 2, Freud should include these new discoveries , inside the picture previously designed by him, about the female sexual development:
" ... Is undeniable that the bisexualidad, that according to our thesis is part of the constitutional disposition of the human beings, stands out with a lot greater clarity in the woman that in the male. ()... this it has only a zone genésica principal, an organ genésico, while the woman possesses two of them: the vagina, exactly female, and the clítoris , analogous al member virile "...
It maintained there that, essentially, the time that precedes the genitalidad , in the infancy, unfolds in the girl in around al clítoris and adds that the sexual life of the woman is divided always in two phases: the first one, of male character and only the second there will be to be specifically female. The process of transition between an and another, lacks any analogy with the sexual development of the male. In relation al "change of object", Freud affirmed that, to the extent that a change of sexual way is produced, the woman should change also the sex of the object, so that the father yields "new object of love".
It indicated the difference among both sexes in relation al "complex of Edipo" and described the consequences of the "complex of castración" in the woman:
" ... she recognizes the fact of her castración and, thus, the superiority of the male and her own inferiority, but also revolves against that unpleasant...situation "
Of this attitude Freud caused he derived three orientation: a) the inhibición sexual: front al terrible feeling that generates in the girl the comparison with the male, is felt disconforme with its clítoris , renouncing its task fálico and to the sexuality in general; b) the "complex of masculinity" : the girl persists in its illusion of possessing a penis, to some late epochs, and the fantasy of being a male is highTo the condition of vital purpose, being able to reach an election of homosexual object declares and c) the normal femininity: the girl takes al father as object, finding the female form of that of complex of Edipo".
" ... the complex of Edipo is in the woman the result of a more prolonged development; is not destroyed for the influence of the castración, but created by him; escapes from the intense hostile influences that in the male produce a destructive effect, and even is very frequent that the woman never surpass...her "
The meaning that the phase preedípica has in the woman, he served to Freud to understand certain clinical facts and, he was because of it that he affirmed, that the passage of the emotional connections of the object-mother al object-father, constitutes the main process that conducts it to the constitution of his own female identity.
In the chapter 3, Freud what was asked is what demands the small girl of its mother and if the sexual end of that period of exclusive connection-mother, are of active or passive kind. The answer that gives, is that the sexual goals are of so much active as passive nature, you determined by the phases libidinales by the ones that cross all the children
" ... It is easy to observe that in all the environments of the vivenciar of mind, not only in those of the sexuality, an impression received passively causes in the boy the tendency to an active reaction. It tries to do the same thing that before they did or that they did with him... . () Not in all the children is given with equal regularity and energy that alternation of the passiveness to the activity, and in many can lack. Of this conduct of the boy can be extracted an inferencia about the relative intensity of the masculinity and femininity that there will be to show in their sexuality "...
It indicated that the first sexual experiences of the boy -in relation to their mother- are naturally of passive character. It is she who it amamanta , feeds, tidies and you saw. A portion of the libido of the boy is maintained connected with these experiences and enjoys the satisfactions linked with them, while another certain quantity tries its orientation toward the discharge way the activity. In this way, first substitutes the to be amamantado by the active suction, to then do for itself same what before "it was done", repeating -in active form- its passive experience , being expressed whether in the play or taking the mother and being situated, set against her, as active subject.
In the case of the girl, is used to carrying out those active desires of indirect form in the play with the wrists, where she represents the mother and the wrist to the daughter. This activity is respected as sign of a femininity that would awake early but, we should keep in mind that it is a matter of an exteriorización of the activity of the femininity (what it interests it is to carry out actively what it experienced passively ), play that express the exclusive character of the relation with the mother.
The sexual activity of the girl is declared in a chronologic succession , according to the different phases libidinales, through sadistic, oral impulses and fálicos directed toward the mother. Freud maintained the difficult thing that results to formulate its pecularities, therefore is a matter of motions pulsionales that the small one cannot process psychically and only have found interpretation "to posteriori". In some occasions, is the analyst who finds him -way transfer- transferred al object-father.
- The oral aggressive desires and sadistic are declared in the "fear to be died by the mother", form that was it imposed by a premature repression.
- In the phase fálica the passive impulses are described and assets of the girl. Set against the passive, the mother appears as seductive, with regard to the influence of the corporal cares that this offered it, with the consequent raid of its first sensations genitals. In the fantasies of subsequent years, is the father who appears as seductive sexual, in the meantime al to be set apart of the mother, the girl transfers al father the responsibility to to have initiated in the sexual life.
- Finally, in the phase fálica also, intense active motions of desire directed toward the mother appear, where the sexual task culminates in the masturbation clitoridiana, being difficult to determine if the girl fantasea sexual end some. According to Freud, before the arrival of a hermanito, the sexual end itself express under the form of the desire of "to be the mother" of that niñito or the desire of "to do him she a boy to the mother".
The detachment of the mother is going to imply a lot more than a simple change of object. They should diminish the active impulses and to be accentuated the passive. The first they are affected for the frustration, al to be try some impulses absolutely irrealizables. The passive tendencies do neither escape al feeling of to be defrauded, because can be possible that -al to be produced the repression of the preceding masculinity- be damaged good part of its sexual life.
Freud concluded formulating that, in the girl, act the same forces libidinales that in the male. Both they continue, during certain period , identical roads and reach similar but not identical results. Subsequent, the girl is set apart of their primitive end and the active or male tendencies are oriented toward the ways of the femininity. Though it mentioned certain biological factors that could be also responsible for this transformation, affirmed:
" ...For the psychology is indifferent that in the body an only substance exist that produce sexual excitement, or that be two or a multitude. The psychoanalysis teaches us to count on an only libido , that at the same time knows goals -and therefore modalities of satisfaction - active and passive "...
In 1933 the 33 it was publishedº Conference "The femininity". This text, based on the works of 1925 "Some psychic consequences of the anatomical difference among the sexes" and of 1931 "On the female sexuality", versa on the female psychology , incorporating new ideas about the adult life of the woman.
Leaving from the verification that the male and female terms are utilized, also, to appoint qualities of mind and that has been transfered to the life of mind -originating in the field of the biology- the point of view of the bisexualidad, Freud questioned the value of these notions in the psychology:
" ... A human being, be male or female, behaves on this point male and in estotro female. But soon you will see you that we do it for mere docility to the anatomy and to the convention. It is possible to give no new content to the concepts of male and female. This restriction is not psychological; when you you say "male", as a general rule think about "active", and in "passive" when say "female" "...
Freud maintained that such coincidences exist, but that this relation turns out to be insufficient , in the field of the human sexual life and illustrated it with the mother, who is assets in the breeding of the son. Besides it added that the women can unfold a great activity in different directions and that the men would not be able to live together with its similar, if was not by a considerable quota of "passive docility". Taking these facts and to affirm that are test of a "bisexualidad " psychological would be inadequate and would contribute no new knowledge.
" ... It would be able to be tried to characterize psychological the femininity saying that it consists of the predilection by passive goals. Since then , this it is not identical to passiveness; can be necessary a great dose of activity to reach a passive...goal "
What perhaps it happens -mentioned Freud- is that in the woman, owed al role that assumes as for the sexual function, the preference by a determined type of attitude and a passive end, be done extensive toward all its expressions of the life and added that the influence of the social norms would be able conducting it to adopt a passive attitude. It suggested also, the not to pass for high the constant bond between femininity and life pulsional, the contention of the aggression prescripta constitutionally and tax socially, the to favor the masochists impulses formation that manage to tie erotically the destructive tendencies returns toward the inside. Will be recently then when the masochism there will be to occur authentically female. But, what occurs with the masochism in the men? Does not it remain more than considering that they possess clearly female characteristics. This tests -according to Freud- that neither the psychology there will be to resolve completely "the enigma of the femininity".
" ... the psychoanalysis, by her private nature, does not intend to describe what is the woman -a task of almost impossible solution for him -, but to investigate how occurs, how develops the woman from the boy of disposition bisexual " ...
In other words, how comes be a woman? Freud gave a new impulse to her previous descriptions:
" ... Also differences in the disposition arise pulsional, that permit to glimpse the subsequent nature of the woman. The small girl is as a general rule less aggressive and porfiada, less to itself suffices same, seems to have more need that be shown it tenderness, and therefore to be more dependent and docile. ()...the impression is received that the small girl is more intelligent and alive that the varoncito of the same age, that is shown more solicitous toward the exterior world, and that its investitures of object possess greater intensity that those of that "...
The differences themselves Iran reducing, in the measure that Freud goes advancing in the development of their ideas. While previously it had maintained that the girl was less aggressive now -al to do reference to the sadistic-anal phase - there will be to affirm that the aggressive impulses of the niñitas are especially intense, so much as for its quality as al quantum of violence. Al to enter to the phase fálica, the differences among both sexes remain very in evidence, owing then to recognize that the small girl is like a hombrecito and -that al the same as this- knows to be tried pleasant sensations, though the vagina performs still no fundamental role , being the clítoris the zone erógena principal of this phase.
This it traveled through similar that carry out -so much girls as males- in the first phases of the development libidinal, fork, since the evolution of the small girl until reaching the condition of the normal woman is more difficult and complex in relation al male, therefore includes two additional tasks: 1- the change of zone erógena, of the clítoris to the vagina and 2- the change of object of the connection-mother
" ¿ ... Because of what, therefore, this powerful connection-mother of the girl is going to sting himself? We know that is her habitual destiny: is destined to leave place to the connection-father. ()...Does not be a matter of a simple change of way of the object. The extrañamiento regarding the mother is produced under the sign of the hostility, the connection-mother finishes in hatred "...
In this conference Freud took up again its ideas exposed in "On the female sexuality" (1931), advancing that it is not possible to understand the woman if does not it keep in mind herself this phase, of intense linking with the mother, previous al "complex of Edipo".
Though Freud investigated the possible motivations that can conduct to justify these hostile feelings of the girls (the postponements , the jealousy, the disillusion of love, among others), also affirmed that in the relation of the varoncito with its mother, this type of feelings burst but without coming to alienate it.
The specific factor that drives in the apartamiento of the girl of its mother, resides in which blames its mother of not to have given a penis and not such disadvantage forgives it. Said factor is found included in the organization of the "complex of castración" of the girl:
" ... The complex of castración of the girl is initiated, likewise, with the vision of the genitals of the other sex. Al point notes the difference and -is precise to admit it- its meaning. It is felt seriously disturbed ...(), then prey of the envy of the penis falls, that leaves indelible tracks in its development and in the formation of its character, and even in the most favorable case himself will not be surpassed without a serious psychic...expense "
The discovery of its castración results a crucial point in the development of the girl, of where leave three possible roads: 1) conducts it toward the inhibición sexual or neurosis; 2) conducts it to the "alteration of the character" in the sense of a "complex of masculinity" and 3) toward the normal femininity.
1) In the first case, Freud affirmed that the "envy of the penis " causes loses the girl the enjoyment by the sexuality fálica renouncing -because of it - to the satisfaction of the masturbation clitorídea, by the insult narcisística that the comparison with the gifted better boy causes her fálicamente and repressing a good part of her sexual aspirations. Al to be the "mother fálica" her object of love and the discovery that also she is I neuter, enables her abandoning it like loving object , prevailing the hostility. Al to discover the lack of penis in the mother, the girl desvaloriza to the woman.
2) The girl develops an intense one "complex of masculinity". It refuses to recognize the lack of penis praising its masculinity, maintaining its activity clitoridiana and seeking refuge in an identification with the "mother fálica" or with the father. The main thing of this process is that -at this time of the evolution- is avoided the increment of the passiveness, that initiates the turn toward the femininity.
3) Freud affirmed that the normal femininity is reached after the abandonment of the masturbation clitorídea -renouncing a total of activity - being done dominant the passiveness. The return toward the father is complied with aid of some motions pulsionales passive. The desire with which the girl returns toward the father is that of obtaining that that the mother has denied her and now expects of him:
" ... the female situation only is established when the desire of the penis is substituted for the desire of the son, and then, continuing an old symbolic equivalence, the son appears instead of the penis "...
Already in the phase fálica the niñita had desired a son, although in that phase -more related to the identification mother- after substituting passiveness by activity. With the desire of the penis, the "son-wrist" occurs in "son of the father", being the deepest goal of the female desire. The old male desire to possess penis itself express in the most finished femininity.
Taking like base the prehistoria individual, Freud emphasized that the development of the femininity can be disturbed for some of the residual phenomena of the period prehistórico of masculinity. It added that the "female enigma" perhaps result effect of the demonstration of the "bisexualidad" in the woman.
Also it indicated some psychic particularities of the femininity I mature maintaining that, frequently, turns out to be difficult to discriminate which they are turned out of the influence of the sexual function of those other, corresponding al social educational process.
It judged to the femininity a high total of narcissism, that influences on their election of object and is concluded affirming that for the woman is more imperious the beloved need to be that that of loving. In the corporal vanity of the woman participates still the "envy of the penis", in the meantime considers that its charms are a resarcimiento by its negative genitals.
The "election of object" variable: a) can continue the ideal one narcisista of the man that the girl had desired to come to be, b ) to respond al model paternal, in case that the girl to have remained tied al father (complex of Edipo), c) to charge with the own hostility of the relation ambivalente with the mother and d) before the birth of the first son would be able to be revived an identification with the motherToward itself, all the available libido, so that the "compulsion to the repetition" would conduct to reproduce the eventual unhappy marriage of the parents.
Freud affirmed that the reaction of the woman front al birth of a son there will be to be different, as be a matter of baby male or baby woman, since the factor of the lack of penis does not lose its force and that only the relation with the son male offers the mother an unrestricted satisfaction. And this with regard to being able to transfer on son-male , those ambitions that should suffocate in her same and then to expect that this satisfy all that that was maintained like residue of its old one "complex of masculinity".
Relating to the identification of the woman with its mother differentiated two instances: a) the phase of connection preedípica, where the girl takes its mother as model, and b) during the "complex of Edipo", where tries setting apart in order then substituting it together al father. The first one turns out to be decisive during the development of the woman:
" ... in her the acquisition of those qualities with the ones is prepared that then will comply its role in the sexual function and will sponsor its inapreciables social...performances "
It affirmed also that turns out to be precise to attribute the "scarce sense of justice of the woman", to their intimate relation with the predominance of the envy in their life of mind and maintained also that the social interests of the woman are weaker al the same as their capacity of sublimación pulsional.
Freud concluded recognizing that what had advanced regarding the femininity is incomplete and fragmentary and that has been described the woman only as for the decision of her to be, with regard to her sexual function.

AFTER FREUD

I- Helene Deutsch

It emphasized that, so much the girl as the male, fight for acquiring independence regarding its mother. The father, in the meantime, represents the exterior world. The girl, in determined moment of its development , returns toward the father in search of this exterior reality, abandoning the mother.
In the first infancy, the to be set apart of the mother implies -for both sexes- the development of certain activity and aggressiveness, that in the male take the aggressive penetration desires aspect of the mother and itself vivencian in the penis, during the phase fálica. In the girl, conducts it to be returned more active, being the primitive object of this erotic activity its mother, although Deutsch, admits the possibility that the girl be more passive biologically than the male.
This author affirms that -in the phase fálica- the girl, as a result of the increase of genital tension, needs an organ in which can concentrate the stimulation, being the clítoris the only part of its body and of its available genital apparatus for this purpose, comparable organ al penis although in disadvantage, since lacks the quality of penetration.
During the sexual development of the girl combine two factors: on the one hand , its instincts that are constitutionally less active and aggressive that the of the male and, by another, a sufficient number of active-aggressive components in the life of fantasy of the small one exists, that are supported in the idea that its genital organ is insufficient for its satisfaction. Therefore, the girl is found frequently "without organ" during this phase of its development libidinal.
According to Deustch, the "envy fálica" is not a primary but secondary factor. For which, al to verify the inadequate thing of its organ, its reaction is not the envy but transforms its active-aggressive desires in passive or according to this author: develops an activity directed toward inside. The sexual organ pertaining to these tendencies is the vagina, to which the girl does not know, in the meantime does not perceive any vaginal excitement to the pubertad.
The girl experiences then -according to this author- two times, during its childlike sexual development the lack of an appropriate organ. These two events configure the called "genital trauma".
The girl, in the phase fálica, is found obliged to internalize its interests in a sense somático. Little to little, renunciation to its emotional reactions linked with the lack of penis and its life of fantasy itself "feminiza". This signifies that its interests are directed , gradually, toward the idea of the baby, reaching a phase forerunner of the future maternity.
Although the vaginal contractions are perceived clearly in the pubertad , the clítoris continues being a central organ, in this period of the life. The to awake to a complete sexual operation depends totally of the activity of the man, constituting the vagina the center of the spontaneous excitement, only in those women that already had crossed for direct sexual experiences.
Deutsch maintained that the characteristic characteristic of the erotic desire and its unconscious content, in the youths, is the expectation of the different, sexual experience of the maternity. Its desires are so different from the emotional demonstrations of the maternity that is seen obliged to accept the opposition between sexuality and eroticism, on the one hand and reproductive instinct and maternity, by the other. Only later and gradually, such time when already has taken place the first sexual experience , both tasks himself to will should to thread intimately.
Though the author indicated that the maternity is not the possible only destiny for the woman and that, to even the sexuality and the maternity constitute many times contradictory poles, not to stops supposing a biological root to the maternal tendency and affirmed that the sexuality and the maternity melt, in it deeper of the unconscious one and of the soul.

II- Melanie Klein

It advanced that the deepest fear of the girl is al "robbery and destruction of the interior of its body". It maintained that as result of the oral frustration that experiences in the relation with its mother, the girl is oriented toward the father, specifically toward its penis as object of oral gratification. From this, the girl develops fantasies in which its mother introduces in its body the penis of the father and gives him its chests, fantasies that conform the nucleus of the "early sexual theories" that produce, in the small one, feelings of envy and hatred, al to be felt frustrated by both parents, since in this so much phase children as girls, believe that is the body of the The tenant of all the desirable thing, fundamentally the penis of the father.
This sexual theory enlarges the hatred toward the mother, contributing to the production of sadistic fantasies referred to attack and to destroy the interior of the mother and to deprive it thus of its valuable content.
Klein maintained that the tendencies edípicas of the girl are initiated with their oral desires by the penis of the father, that already impulses genitals accompany by themselves.
It described two phases of the development libidinal: a) the position esquizo-paranoide and b) the depressive position. This last one begins with the recognition of the baby to its mother as total object. An integration of the object is produced thus and of the I, al same time that a reinforcement of the impulses uretrales, anal and genitals. Al to be integrated the negative and positive affections toward the object arises the "ambivalence " toward the same one and tries to seek another object of satisfaction, that is found in the father. The beginning is installed then of the "complex of Edipo early" and the relation fantaseada with the penis substitutes the primitive relation with the chest.
The "equation penis-chest" active the oral-receptive qualities of the genital female one, to an early age and prepares the vagina to receive al penis.
Klein coincided with Freud in two points: the girl has a penis and hates the mother by not to have given. Nevertheless, for her, what the girl desires is not to possess a penis as attribute of masculinity but to incorporate it like object of oral gratification.
This situation of early hatred toward the mother conducts the girl toward the desire to destroy the interior of the maternal body and to be seize the longed for content. As consequence, the fear to the corresponding revenge/retaliation arises -on the part of its mother- and the belief to be found exposed to to be destroyed interiorly.
The attacks directed al body of the mother cause, in the small one, a strong feeling of guilt. By this, it should repair the maternal body and this repair results thus the base of the process of sublimación female.
Though both sexes fear to the "retaliation", while the boy can verify the nullity of its fears, al to verify that it has not been I neuter, on the other hand the girl, al to lack a visible penis, it will be the clítoris the one that will receive the investitures rejected of the vagina.
Klein considered that the anxiety of the girl relates to the interior of its body, explaining why in its first sexual organization, the role of the vagina remains concealed by the activity of the clítoris. The author maintained that all the girls, al less unconsciously, have a very premature knowledge of the vagina but this is rejected for being interior and the girl fears to everything that relates to its interior.
The clítoris would have the conductive function to stimulate, way propagation excitatoria toward the vagina. So much the impulses uretrales and anal as the genitals conduct toward the production of sensations and vaginal fantasies. The sensations that accompany present them a specific female character, for which the girl would desire to incorporate the penis of the father and to acquire it like an internal possession. It is on this point where there will be to be installed the desire of "to have a boy with the father". The not to be able to consummate directly these impulses and the fantasies that accompany them, prompt it to efectivizarlos, through the activity lúdica and of the language (processes of sublimación and simbolización).
Klein advanced that -after abandoning the "phase fálica"- the girl passes for a "phase post-fálica", in which so much can maintain the female position reached as abandoning it. Al to enter in the "period of latencia", this female position -of maternal and passive character - and that involves the operation of the psychological representatives of the vagina, already has achieved its establishment.

III- Ernest Jones

In his article "The premature phase of the female development" (1927) Jones considered that behind the fear to the castración is perceived -in both sexes- the fear to the final and total abolition of the sexuality, to what he calls "afanisis". The representation of the loss of the penis would be an aspect more than this fundamental fear.
The fear to the "afanisis" is declared of different way in each sex. In the woman himself express under the form of a separation, of what the fear is derived to to be abandoned, since the woman is more clerk of the man for its sexual satisfaction. Affirmation that , obviously, corresponds to Jones.
Coincided with Klein in the existence of a direct passage of the oralidad toward the "complex of Edipo". The girl, disappointed by the chest, an object imagines "penis-nipple" more satisfactory , fantasy that constitutes the point of departure of its intense one I link with the father.
It distinguished among an "envy of the penis autoerótica , preedípica" and another "erotic and edípica". Among the envy and the desire of penis, what is declared in the desire to share its possession in an anal, oral or vaginal relation. The masturbation clitorídea is a way of satisfaction sustitutiva.
The "envy of the penis", the desire to possess it, is a regressive defense before the desire prohibited of a penis in a sexual act with the father edípico. It treats already of a female position finished.
The guilt and the establishment of the superyo constitute the main defense before the frustration edípica, that awakes the fear to the "afanisis". Before the girl two possible roads are presented: a) to change of object and b) to change of desire. Al to renounce al father or to the vagina there will be to be produced a displacement of their interest libidinal by the father toward other men or will remain him, according to the model of the identification (" complex of masculinity").
The "complex of Edipo" in the girl enters play when this you register that that that she desires is retained by the mother, what its rival one becomes it.
According to Jones, the desire of "to have a son" is primary and objetal. The small one desires, above all, to incorporate a penis and to have a son, which does not come to substitute al desire irrealizable, with end narcisistas , to possess an own penis.

IV- Karen Horney

It presented the question of if the dissatisfaction before the female sexual role that results of the "envy of the penis" constitutes , really, the base of the "complex of castración" in the woman. Its answer is that the anatomical structure of the female genitals has a great meaning, for the mental development of the woman.
Horney maintains that it is indisputable that the "envy of the penis " it conditions the forms, in which the "complex of castración " it is declared and it seems it unacceptable the deduction, according to which, the "repudiation of the femininity" it would be based on that envy.
On the contrary, observes that that of envy of the penis" does not exclude at all an I attach loving deep and female toward the father and that alone, when this relation is faced al "complex of Edipo ", flows into in a refusal of the sexual role of the woman.
It affirmed that the observations of gynecologists and pediatricians and its own clinical observation, indicate that, in the infancy, the vaginal masturbation is as common as the clitorídea and that although the girl is used to preferring the last one, the sensations spontaneous genitals that experiences, result of a general sexual excitement, that is located frequently in the vagina. Of the same way, formulated that the deepest anxiety than arises of the masturbation, in the woman the fear results the effect of to have been incapacitated to have children, which does reference al interior of the body more than al clítoris.
On the other hand, maintained that those of fantasies of violation" -that arise previously to the consummation of the sexual act- still before the pubertad, cannot be explained if not the existence of a vaginal sexuality is recognized. For Horney, the road that travel through the "childlike sexual theories " is found pre-determined by the impulses and organic sensations, that experience in a spontaneous way. These vaginal sensations and the impulses that of them proceed they would imply that something should penetrate in that part of the body.
Horney maintained that -frequently- all that related to the vagina, the knowledge of their existence, the vaginal sensations and the instinctive impulses, to will should to succumb to an implacable repression. Besides the girl conceives and maintains, during long time, the idea about the not existence of the vagina Fantasy that -al same time- determines the preference by the male sexual role. For this author, when the girl takes refuge in the male position its genital anxiety signifies also, in male terms: the fear to a vaginal wound that becomes "fantasy of castración", which associates with the old feeling of fault and the penis is desired as test of innocence. There due to its anatomical structure, the small one cannot know really which will be to be the effect of the masturbation, as opposed to the males, who al to experience the same anxiety can always be affirmed that its genital organ is conserved intact.
Horney underlined the value of the cultural factors and affirms that these modelan and deform the true nature of the woman. It considered that , since the point of view of the social fight and of the historic situation, the maternity is presented like a disadvantage for the woman but, since the biological point of view, the woman possesses -since its capacity for the maternity- an absolutely unquestionable physiological superiority. It affirmed also that, for the girl, the execution of its desire to have children is too much distant as conforming it still with its female role.

FEMININITY, FEMALE SEXUALITY, THE FEMALE THING

It is convenient to define the large and subtle you differentiate among the femininity, the female sexuality and the female thing, just as it to describe Leticia Glocer of Fiorini in its text "the female thing and the complex thought " (2001), which implies to recognize divergent controls on the ones that the female position is supported, as well as also the spaces of conjunction-disjunction among them:
" ...The femininity would belong al field of the identifications concernientes to the ideals of kind "...
Subject to al recognition of the difference of the sexes the girl should recognize a difference, transmitted by the mother, in the meantime "spokesman" (Aulagnier, P., 1975). Its identifying world begins to be organized from the ideals of kind.
" ...The female sexuality would be in the order of the desire and the election of object "...
It would imply the process of individuación and discrimination that is initiated with the "complex of castración", the fall of the "mother fálica" and the acceptance of the "lack" in the meantime difference and not as lack.
It it advanced by Glocer of Fiorini as...: " the female thing in the field of the archaic thing, the maternal thing, common to both sexes... ", would relate to it more primitive on the order of it to link, it irrepresentable.
Time neutro, where for moments the object is part of the I that has created it and, by other, is a strange absolute one and, simultaneously, place of the native thing, since where the to be psychic advendrá -so that the infans to stop being only a living immersed one in the vicissitudes of the pure one sensorialidad- and comience to exist, inhabiting a space-time-own desire.
" The female thing" there will be to be a common quality to both sexes but that himself express different as be a matter of woman/man. Then ¿why to locate "the female thing" as intrinsic alone condition to the woman, if is a matter of a common quality to both sexes? I consider that, fundamentally, this sliding is produced with regard to an observable, incarnate by the fundamental aspects of the archaic relation constituent. Aspects you fuse them that they promote the conceptual confusion among mother-woman.

I. THE FEMININITY
¿ Primary or secondary femininity?

The debate about if the femininity is primary or secondary , has divided the different authors along the history of the psychoanalysis. On the one hand the ones are found that continue to Freud in their idea of a monismo fálico in the infancy, and those that are set apart of the freudismo, maintaining the precocidad and priority of a clearly female position in the small girl, just as they advanced it Melanie Klein and their disciples.
The axes from the ones that have written down the theoretical differences, are basically the following: knowledge versus not knowledge of the vagina, the simultaneidad of the oral impulses and genitals, the early desires directed al penis of the father and the premature knowledge of the difference of the sexes and of the sexual exchange among the parents.
It has tried to integrate the information obtained of the direct observation of children with data extracted of the theory psicoanalítica. The direct observation confirms it presented by Horney and Jones about an early divergence among the female evolution and the male one. We recall that these authors gave priority to the anatomy, to the perceptions and to the sensations genitals as only determinants of the development of the femeneidad and masculinity. I think that only to prioritize these aspects limits the complexity of the development and the constitution of the femineidad and clips the comprehension of the concept of kind, since masculinity and femininity -different notions of the biological concept man and woman- are constructos modelados in the first years of life.
Emilce Gave Bleichmar, in their book "The spontaneous feminism of the hysteria" (1985), indicates that the importance of the articulation of the concept of kind for the theory of the femininity consists of situating the femininity as an attribute of the I, surpassing the debate about the importance or not of the premature knowledge of the vagina as indispensable base of the construction of the femininity.
This same author describes to the identity of nuclear kind as the most primitive think up-emotional plan, conciente and unconscious al same time, of the ownership to a sex and not al another, related fundamentally with the sex assigned by the parents, which does not always correspond with the biological sex.
The identity of nuclear kind collaborates in ordering the fantasies that relate to the sexuality, therefore this identity is consolidated in a previous time al knowledge of the boy of the anatomical difference of the sexes and al income to the "phase fálica". Subsequently, the external genitals it to will should to confirm and to symbolize.
The starts of the identity of kind are you tied with the development of the identity of the "yes same". It is for this that Gave Bleichmar advances that the identity of kind precedes evolutivamente al development of the different phases of the sexuality and collaborates with its organization.
The ownership to a kind supposes its own one sustentación in the system of ideal narcisistas of the subject, "I ideal-ideal of the I". Since the initial moments of the life, the infans is identifying for both parents, for which since then the male-female pair goes operating, intervening in the constitution of the ideals in the meantime belief in the ownership to a determined kind, what does not necessarily imply that such identity of kind (for example : heterosexuality) be consolidated finally.

a. primary Femininity

The primary femininity itself structure in the early relation mother-daughter, by the primary identification and/or to speculate to the mother, to whom the girl will know, will name and will define employing the same cultural speech by which will know, will name and will define her same. This speech will not be another that that with the one that the mother is defined to itself same and identifies its daughter as its double one. Time during which , what characterizes the woman is considered by the girl as ideal. It will be for this appraisal strictly fantasmática that the femeneidad primary will be constituted for the girl in the nucleus of its I Ideal.
The earliest relation I-Another has been categorizada by Freud in terms of primary identification. Laplanche and Pontalis, define it as the... " primitive way of constitution of the subject on the model of the other, that is not secondary to a relation previously established in which the object would be presented since a principle as independent. The primary identification is in intimate correlation with the called relation oral...incorporation ". It would be a matter of ... " a direct and immediate identification, that is situated before every catexis of object "...
Since these moments fundantes, since the primerísimas oral incorporations with the mother, the girl goes building the first representations of itself same.
I believe important to underline that the identifications that mark a female or male ownership in the registration of the I Ideal, are always previous al knowledge of the difference of the sexes and al development of the female sexuality but, at the same time, are also always consequence of the recognition efectivizado for both parents. Since this perspective, is possible to think that the male-female difference in the registration of the I Ideal, is signified as a belief of ownership , that is based on the fantasmática and the speech parental.
In "Psychology of the masses and analysis of the I" (1921) Freud affirmed... : " The psychoanalysis knows the identification as the earliest one exteriorización of an emotional connection with another person. Plays a role in the prehistoria of the complex of Edipo. The varoncito * declares a private interest toward its father; would want to grow and to be as he, to do its times in all the lands. We say, simply : takes al father as its ideal. This conduct nothing has to see with a passive or female attitude toward the father (and toward the male in general ); al contrary, is male by excellence. It is reconciled very well with the complex of Edipo, al that contributes to prepare...Contemporarily to this identification with the father, and perhaps before, the varoncito undertakes an exact investiture of object of the mother according to the type of the apuntalamiento. It shows then two psychological diverse ties: with the mother, a direct sexual investiture of object; with the father, an identification that takes it for model. Both coexisten a time, without being influenced neither to be disturbed among itself. ()...It Is easy to express in a formula the restriction among an identification of this type with the father and an election of object that recaiga on him. In the first case the father is what one would want to be; in the second, what one would want to have. .**."
Every boy is potentially qualified to establish the difference of kind of the parents: the dad is a man and the mom is a woman but this distinction would not be sexual. That is why Freud insisted in remarcar the difference that exists among the identification with the father and the election of this as sexual object. In the first case would be a matter of that "that one would want to be" and in the second of that "that would be wanted to have".
If the father is its ideal, to whom was wanted to seem, there will be himself to perform an identification al "similar". Man-father al that is imitated, what conducts us to think that in the "phase preedípica" an ideal of kind will be organized, as prototype, al which to take as model and with which the I would tend to be conformed, according to that boss.
The girl lives the paradise to be equal al ideal, with whom -by virtue of the structure narcisista of the organization of its I- will tend herself to fuse and to confuse.
When the girl plays to feed to a dummy, portrays the transitivismo that persists in the relation with its mother. She is the mom and the dummy is she same, transforming into assets that that she vivenció passively: to be the baby that receives, not to be able to be moved or to be fed for her own media. Simultaneously, the girl goes being educated about that these transformations of the passiveness to the activity, are adapted pleasantly to what all (mother, father and family) expect of her: a true girl that already is all a mom that feeds, maintaining the unit, in the continuity of kind. These applauses to their identification with the mother confirm it -time and again - in the kind assigned al to be born, what will reinforce its own desire to be equal to its ideal, the mother.
In the phase preedípica exists in the girls an active exercise of the femininity, through the play and/or the fantasy, of those essential aspects of the role of female kind, among the ones that the maternity is found.
The conditions of maternalización of our culture assure, for the girl, the provision of a model that conducts to the estructuración of an "I Ideal female primary" (Bleichmar, E. D. ,1985). Al to be the mother-woman the fundamental object of all living, is guaranteed thus for the girl, the acquisition of the inherent characters al female kind in the same process of organization of the I.
Relating to the femininity, that is to say, al kind, the girl does not have to change of object, the primary object is that of the identification of its kind. This process is carried out, since the beginning of the life, by a double way: by the effect of anticipation that will exercise the maternal speech al "looking at" as its equal and, in simultaneous, by the primary identification of the girl with its mother, omnipotent ideal. The ending edípico will be able to reinforce or to modify this process.
Therefore, the girl does not change of object for the establishment of its female identity, process by the one that yes should elapse for the organization of its heterosexuality. The male, on the other hand, will conserve the mother as object of its election for the establishment of its heterosexuality, but should change of model for the construction of its masculinity.
In "The female sexuality", Emilce Gave Bleichmar maintains , about the primary femininity of the girl, that is found constituted around the maternal function, to the constitution of its subjetividad that includes desires to take care of the life of the persons, al unfold yoico of actions and behaviors of the female role, whose investimiento libidinal passes for the trial and the anticipation of these activities. These, at the same time , give place al specific development of faculties or cognitive-emotional attributes , that retroactúan on the desires and expand them. It maintains that it is a matter of a femininity of symbolic character and early crossed by the complex one entramado of the sex-kind of the parents.
This organization of the assembly of its subjetividad establishes a first meaning of the human distinction between equals and different, among the I and the other, that is based on what appears as different for the girl around the parentalidad, to the differentiation of the kinds, al joint of attributes that characterize the mother as different al father (behaviors, clothing, etc.), among the ones that are found the Sexual secondary, not thus the genitals and its functions.

b. secondary Femininity

Time later, al to verify the girl that is not she who satisfies the demand of the mother, in the meantime woman, and that the desire of this mother is directed toward a someone that holds the "organ-symbol" that that desire seeks, is constituted for the girl the privileged moment of its own castración-separation of the archaic mother.
Al to be produced the crisis of the discovery of the separation, the girl suffers a double deception: that of its mother and that of her same. I paralyze narcisista that attacks its primary female ideal, that of idealized , totalizador and full, becomes a condition negative and lower.
Now well, if this transformation is possible himself due to that the nucleus of the identity of kind is found adequate established.
The girl needs to be appropriated of certain aspects of its mother, first for "to be" and then for "to be female".
The discovery of the castración puts in fabric of judgment the role narcisizante of the mother, is now of the father of the one that expects that appraisal.
It is in this crossroads since where the separation of the mother is carries out, to which recognizes incomplete, in the meantime demand al father-man what its desire requires it. In this way, what the mother claims is to be the object of desire of the father and is this what the girl will begin to valorizar, to be constituted in woman.
The father himself offering as well as a "new object", that frees it of that dependence with the fundamental mother, moment in which the omnipotencia maternal is transfered now al father. The penis that the father possesses and the mother not, passes to be become symbol of power and perfection.
The castración himself does not refer al mere anatomical fact of a sex with a member and another not, but to symbolic facts whose materialidad and meaning, though are not of the all visible and is necessary to apprehend them and to interpret them, not to stop producing some deep effects. These facts conform conditions of structure, that are symbolized in the castración and in the not absolute power of the mother and its desire: needs the father-man for its enjoyment.
The verification of the uneven one valorización of the female kind is an important condition to add to the list of underlying decisions al ghost of the castración.
It says Gave Bleichmar... : " we believe that the main psychic consequence of the complex of castración for the girl is the loss of the primary female ideal. The collapse narcisista that suffers in its development himself is not limited to the anatomical series; inferioridad-uretral-sexo-femenino-incompetente-para satisfy-to the mother, but is exposed to a continuous, permanent and very powerful social process of depreciations of its kind, that begins in the first infancy and that will charge greater intensity in the latencia and adolescence "...
Because of it, from the constitution of the complex of castración and of the construction of the "Ideal of the I", is possible to advance the fall of the "I ideal female", that functions to way of separation and desidentificación in search of a referring one fálico.
The "complex of castración" permits the desidealización so much of the mother as of the infans, al to remain dispossessed of the attributes of that supposed perfection, completud and autosuficiencia of the beginnings of the life. At the same time, the crisis -effect of the castración- does not alter the kind but consolidates it. But simultaneously it compromises, organizes and defines the destiny of the female sexuality, since the complex of castración orients and normativiza the sexual desire. The small one will seek or not to its father as sexual object, finding or not its heterosexual exit.
The ghost of the femininity of the parents in the meantime how "should be" and "desire that it be" the girl that are raising and which should be its possible destinies as woman, it plays a central role in the conformación of values of femeneidad of the girl.
The girl enters in the complex of Edipo since a place of supposed imperfección that places it al edge to be perceived, to itself same as a waste. Even with a mother to which now desvaloriza and imposibilitada to satisfy it, will try to redo with its father the perfect bond that had up to now with its mother. The female body will acquire a new one erotización in the contact with the father, since the love that offers it and the pleasure with the one that the sight, though are far from satisfying the expectations of the small one, they would permit to reconstruct their injured one narcisista.
Freud already indicated the differences of the "complex of Edipo" in the male and in the girl. For her, they said complex is sets in motion from the crisis of the castración and its resolution will be prolonged during the time of the latencia instead of being closed al beginning of the same one, just as occurs in the male. The girl has then a double business narcisística to resolve, from the complex of castración: on the one hand , reelaborar her femeneidad, since the "ideal female primary" has fallen, should to constitute another, and by the other, the narcisización of her kind, in the meantime the female sexuality possesses a value done not totally qualify in the culture to which she agrees.
He gave Bleichmar difference the "ideal of the primary kind" of the "secondary". While the first one has an imaginary-individual character , the second is characterized for the subjection to the morale and to the social conventions.
The Ideal of the I, in the meantime structure intrapsíquica, is seen affected by factors evolutivos and social. The Ideal of the I of the kind is a subestructura that forms part of the global assembly of ideals, receiving the influences of the changes that be established in this system.
The psychic structures and its transformations have been studied since an only model, that of the male, for that reason be defined universally that the evolution that goes of the I Ideal al Ideal of the I , slides since the maximum one autoidealización toward a progressive regulation of the narcissism. This principle is not valid for the development of the girl, since not only the evolution travels through a layout that goes since a maximum idealization to the abrupt fall in a maximum I paralyze, but then is necessary an endless work of reactivation of the narcissism, be capable to return the femeneidad to the category of Ideal of the I to reach.
All in all, in the girl the "complex of castración" disintegrates its "I Ideal female primary", founding a long period, that of the latencia, in which will attend a process of devaluation and of reconstruction of its narcissism, should to build an Ideal of the I female, that include not only the opposition fálico-neuter, but also, the social role of the woman in the culture (subject, troubled role to aAnd ambiguously it valued) and the sexual morale that legislates on that role.

II. THE FEMALE SEXUALITY

The theories about the female sexuality and those of kind have been revised, since the times of Freud until today, in multiple occasions. They were produced then a series of theoretical changes, that developed in parallel with the successive social transformations relating to the female sexuality.
Freud advanced a certain quality "hiposexual" female in relation to the male sexuality, in reason that he considered that the girl should change so much of object (of the mother al father) as of organ (of the clítoris to the vagina) and to reach and to cross for the deception of his own genitals.
Since this perspective, the "envy of the penis" was -for this author- decisive for the development and installation of the female normal sexual evolution, in the meantime was the responsible one for the removal that the girl owed efectivizar of its mother, to thus approach its father.
Freud considered that this double task generated, as effect, an inevitable decrease of the intensity libidinal and, therefore , explained the anorgasmia of its patients.
Of all ways, still in those times of the starts of the Psychoanalysis, they were not few the investigators and theoretical that they managed to identify and to advance a cultural question -that drove like curtain of development fund of the female sexual difficulties- that they aimed at focalizar them generalized cultural bans, directed toward the female condition.
Currently, already they are very few the ones that continue maintaining that the true female sexuality only depends on reaching the "vaginal orgasm " but is recognized that the female sexual pleasure is in direct relation with the adequate stimulation of the corresponding zones erógenas, singular in each woman, particularly the clítoris , smaller lips and introito vaginal. This recognition is, without doubt , consequence of the lifting of the imposed restrictions by it stereotyped consideration of the female sexuality of the century XIX and, in which, the repressive mechanisms were accentuated to promote the inhibiciones sexual female, based on the male intimidation.
" ...I affirmed my liberty
before the women, which was comedian
because he was I the one that ran behind
Of them. The Castor accepted that
liberty and remained it for itself "...

Sartre, J.P., "Letters al Castor", (1936-1939)

To the extent that was producing the call "female liberation " was possible to begin to question the differences among the male and female sexuality. Already in 1949, Simone Of Beauvoir considered that both sexualities were inescapably different.
" ... always there it will be among the man and the certain woman you differentiate ; al to have a singular figure, their eroticism, and therefore their sexual world, they would not be able to stop engendering in the woman a sensuality and a singular sensibility: their relations with their own body, with the male body, with the son, they will not be never identical to the ones that the man maintains with their own body, with the female body andwith the son "...
The result of these transformations produced a significant redefinition of the bond man-woman and, al same time, freed a development potential of the changes produced not only in the sexual habits in the last 40 years, but have derived also in transformations that have transcended it strictly sexual, giving rise to deep cultural modifications (new models of family , neo-sexualities, fertilizations attended, frostbite of embryos , among others so many).
Though the sexuality has a biology and some biological limits himself is not defined completely by these. So much the sex as the kind show a variabilidad cultural and historic that transcends the personal history. It is, in this sense, that the kind gives form to the expression of the sexuality, inside the limits of biological character.
I consider useful, on this point, to distinguish among the different components of the sexuality: the sexual behavior, the supremacy of the type of sexuality and the eroticism. All they, variable aspects, in which differ both sexes.

A) sexual Behavior: relates to those formal characteristics , observables, mensurables and relatively objective. In this area results an observable the influence of the biological thing. Among the many investigations al respect charge importance the works of Master and Johnson (1969) who have investigated, exhaustively, the resemblances/differentiates, in the cycle of sexual answer of men and women.

B) The supremacy of the type of sexuality: relates to the investigation of the sexuality as axis princeps in the constitution of the personality and the way in which is linked with the constitution of the sexual identity.
The question linked to that during the sexual act each individual is so much the subject that desires like the object desired is one of the responsible elements for the achievement of the sexual identity. Complex achievement and I avoid, at the same time. While the identifications, in the meantime subject as object , play a singular role in the processes of construction of the sexual identity , there will be themselves to produce the importance of an or another position, of way they melt you in this constitution identitaria sexual.

C) The eroticism: is included so much inside the territory of the subjective thing and psychological as of the desire and the sexual excitement, of the way in which are vivenciados. Is a matter of a dimension of the human experience, that relates to the sexual thing, in conjunction with all it vivenciado/experienciado.

It is certain that is an observable, in the routine life, that many fantasies of the women, are impregnated by the male form to reach the orgasm. This it would not imply that the enjoyment of an organ, as the penis, be censured in the female sexual satisfaction. Some women can reach its orgasms achieving its locating and to pasibles of being mensurados, way physiological secreciones/lubrications. But if the woman remained trapped -in this male private way to experience its sexual pleasure- would be disqualifying an essential portion of its own eroticism and inhibiting also its own quantum libidinales. While the woman be questioned about its own sexual pleasure is guaranteed the questioning about its own one femeneidad.
The private biological constitution of the woman facilitates the diffusion of the orgasmic discharge for all the corporal surface. Though it lacks an organ/grieve as visible as that of the male, the zones erógenas female are distributed for the different parts of the body, of stable and/or alternating way. By this quality of the female body is indispensable to untie, in the investigations about the female sexuality , the concept of zone erógena of anatomical locating some. The erogeneidad, forerunner of every eroticism, will depend on the meaning that the body erógeno primitive have received of its environment parental as well as of its own capacity to signify it, in the different moments of the vital cycle by the one that each woman crosses.
The privilege of the female sexuality consists of that, al not to have to comply with the physiological requests that the male penis demands for the consummation of the sexual act (absence of the ghost of the always latent impotence), permits it to elapse for some different forms of inexact enjoyments, effects of the sumatoria of its diverse erogeneidades.
But, though the female body is obviously a different body from the male one, where his erogeneidades are played of some not visible ways, is also bearer of own ghosts. The history of his sexuality (just as already I have indicated him) he was marked by the "not to have " but, in truth, his experiences of loss, of "lack", of "castración" refer to very different situations from the "to lack an organ". I refer to intrinsic experiences al body of the woman: menarca, menstruación, labor, puerperio , lactation, climaterio...
I consider that when Freud nominated to the female sexuality as "black continent" and to the woman as "a to be incomprehensible and enigmatic" was referring also to the lack of words to define the qualities of the erogeneidad human. He referred to "the ineffable thing". With the to elapse of the time, Freud was desisting of finding the signs of resemblance among the female sexuality and the male one. Because of it, it advanced that the female sexuality is a mystery. Mystery to know what wants a woman, that al not to have been able to decipher he, left it for the women psychoanalysts and the poets. (Freud, S. 1931-1933)

III. THE FEMALE THING

The female thing would remit to an attraction by that on the order of it repressed fundamental of the first impressions sensorio motor and its contingent one of force pulsional not joined. As we know all the invisible thing and it penetrable spread always to bring up to date the first tracks mnémicas. In this sense the experiences/ female corporal experiences drag with himself more than "unthinkable" that those of the man, although only was by an uncertainty perceptiva of that that the female subject "sees and touches", that goes reinforcing its dependence of the look and of the love of the other... This dependence would remit always to the archaic thing and to its desire object need to be.
The corporal experiences and its investiture narcisista subject to al knowledge of the difference among the sexes go qualifying the interior of the female body, of a way indisociable of the speech parental. The investiture of its organs external genitals has as preceding inescapable the effect of the premature interactions, in which the "capacity of daydream" of the mother, its look, its gestures , do that the female subject experimente a sensorio-motor experience of a "private matter" qualified as good or bad , indisociable of the investiture of the mother of its own interior.
The girl needs to be appropriated of certain aspects of its mother, first to be and then to enter in the order of "the female thing", for "to be female". A gesture exists, anchored in it somático that imitates a movement in spiral of the hand, observable in children less than two years. Is a matter of a natural movement of opening toward the outside , leaving from a central point toward the one that can also be closed. This express gesture the capacity of opening of the yes same one toward the outside and the progressive differentiation of the sense of the access toward the outside, without feeling the danger of the asset stripping or of the crash. The point of origin of this spiral would seem to belong al order of "the female thing". Origin fantasmático in the same one "psychic cavity", that unfolds as a put in form of the entrecruzamiento of the adentros. This it put in form of the internal thing conducts to the notion of moldeamiento.
The line that remains designed by this movement in spiral evokes also the delimitación among the internal layer and the external one of the skin, in the meantime point limit of the body. The internal layer promotes the unfold of the holes of the female thing in the interior of the psiquismo of the woman. But a hole is not neither a lack neither an empty one. A hole is an opening toward a depth. A space in itself same, susceptible of an autonomous and own activity. Female Receptáculo-interior excitable since where sprouts the sinister thing, it not visible, the enigma.
The sexuación and the sex of the woman, by its intimate one conformación as fold internal would be able to conduct toward the already mentioned confusion among the to be, the to do and the to have. I try of of-know it incognoscible of the private matter of the female thing, in the meantime, form splits of the "passed maternal" but also vital future.
This question conducts us inescapably to the discrimination between the maternal thing and the female thing because, I reiterate me, in spite of the so much resemblances in its intrinsic characteristics as in its end and needs, the female thing is not the maternal thing. The girl should cross fundamental transformations in its to occur woman. Passage since the strictly female kind to a state of capacity